The biggest difference - as best as I can determine - between the UK and US systems is that your system openly declares its intent to build commercial practitioners. I applaud this because photography is a fine vocation and "house painters" are in far greater demand that artists. The US system maintains the pretense that it is teaching people to become artists and this is demonstrable nonsense, at least thus far as I have encountered the graduates of the US system.
In taking your MA, I am curious though, how many of your professors were first class artists in their own right? Was there any emphasis on art standing on its own merits, I wonder?
As to Critical Theory, I fully share your horror of this trash. It is rooted in the linguistic philosophers of the last century as amplified by the existentialists, deconstructionists, and post modernists. It is a full on assault on truth, beauty and objective standards. It's essentially a form of intellectual self pleasuring that has absolutely no correlation to reality or meaning. It has now come into its fullness as science itself is discarded in favor of "how I feel", "how i identify", and other forms of mental poison. Having destroyed literature, music, and art, the Theory schools are now assaulting the very essence of being human.
As you say, it's a non-falsifiable system of "thinking" - which means it is unapproachable by reason or scientific method. The execrable academy that peddles this stuff is using it to indoctrinate youth rather than educate them, They effectively wish to produce intellectual slaves for the elites who want to run things. One need only look at what's happened in recent years to see how pervasive this cancer has metastasized in a full on assault on our minds, spirits, and indeed, our very physical beings.
I would commend a couple of things to your attention in matters of Critical Theory. First there is this - a scientist unmasks the complete fraud that it all is. It's hilarious but also depressing:
en.wikipedia.org
More directly related to art is Roger Kimball's book "The Rape Of The Masters". It should be required reading for anyone interested in art or culture. Kimball - who may be the last good art critic working in the US - takes us through a number of historically important paintings and explains just
why they are important. He then reads us in on just what the academic Theory bunch has to say about these works. The book is, by turn, hilarious, tragic, and infuriating.
Our culture is run by evil people who've educated the masses to be unquestioning fools. Soon enough, the barbarians will be at the gate again...